Gauss-Markov Theorem

## Gauss-Markov

1. Least squares estimates the parameters $\beta$ have the smallest variance among all linear unbiased estimates.”
2. Unbiased estimation is not always good.
3. ridge regression

### Proof of 1

1. Model: $\theta = a^T \beta$
2. Least square estimate of $\theta$: $\hat\theta = a^T \hat \beta = a^T ( \mathbf X^T \mathbf X )^{-1} \mathbf X^T \mathbf y = \mathbf c_0^T \mathbf y$
3. This is unbiased: $E(a^T\hat\beta) = a^T\beta$
4. Gauss-Markov theorem: If we have any other linear estimator $\tilde \theta = \mathbf c^T \mathbf y$ and $E(\mathbf c^T \mathbf y)=a^T \beta$, then $Var(a^T\hat \beta)\leq Var(\mathbf c^T \mathbf y)$.
5. To prove it we first write down the general form of a linear estimator. Question: is the general form of a linear estimator $\alpha (X^T X)^{-1} X^T + D$?

Useful functions for the proof:

1. Variance: $Var(X) = E[ (X - \mu)^2 ]$.

2. On wikipedia

3. MSE: $MSE(\tilde\theta) = E( (\tilde\theta -\theta)^2 ) = E( (\tilde \theta - E(\theta) + E(\theta) - \theta)^2 ) = E( (\tilde\theta - E(\theta))^2 ) + \cdots$

4. MSE is $MSE(\tilde \theta) = Var(\tilde theta) + (E(\theta) -\theta)^2$ the second term is bias.

5. Least square is good but we can trade some bias to get a smaller variance sometimes.

6. Choices are variable subset selection, ridge regression.

7. Suppose new data is biased from the original data by a value $\epsilon_0$, the MSE using the original estimator is only the original MSE differed by a constant. Eq. 3.22

8. We always have a larger MSE????? I don’t get this.

## Multiple Regression

1. Model: $f(X) = \beta_0 + \sum_{j=1}^p X_j \beta$
2. For multiple dimensional inputs, the estimator has no correlations for different features.

Published: by ;

OctoMiao (2016). 'Guass-Markov Theorem and Multiple Regression', Connectome, 09 April. Available at: /esl/gauss-markov-theorem/.